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| Turkic | ||
|---|---|---|
| Geographic distribution: | Originally from Western China to Siberia and Eastern Europe | |
| Genetic classification: | AltaicGordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees - Altaic (HTML). Retrieved on 2007-03-18. (controversial) Turkic | |
| Subdivisions: |
Southwestern (Oghuz Turkic) Northwestern (Kypchak Turkic) Southeastern (Uyghur Turkic) Northeastern (Siberian Turkic) | |
 | ||
The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family.Katzner, Kenneth (March 2002). Languages of the World, Third Edition. Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd.. ISBN 978-0415250047.
Turkic languages are spoken by some 180 million people as a native language;Turkic Language family tree entries provide the information on the Turkic-speaking populations and regions. and the total number of Turkic speakers is about 200 million, including speakers as a second language. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish proper, or Anatolian Turkish, the speakers of which account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers.
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The characteristic features of the Turkic languages are vowel harmony, extensive agglutination by means of suffixes, and lack of noun classes or grammatical gender. Subject Object Verb word order is universal within the family. All of these distinguishing characteristics are shared with the Mongolic and Tungusic language families, as well as with the Korean language, which are by some linguists considered to be genetically linked with the Turkic languages in the proposed Altaic language family, a language family rejected by some linguists though plainly accepted in the Voegelin & Voegelin classification (1977:18-19).Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World\'s languages. New York: Elsevier.
The geographical distribution of Turkic-speaking peoples across Eurasia spreads from Turkey in the West to the North-East of Siberia (see picture in the box on the right above).Turkic Language tree entries provide the information on the Turkic-speaking regions.
Distribution of the Altaic languages across Eurasia. The inclusion of Japanese and Korean, and to a lesser degree the existence of a single Altaic language family, is controversial.
The first established records of the Turkic languages are the 8th century Orkhon inscriptions by the Göktürks, recording the Old Turkic language, which were discovered in 1889 in the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia. The Compendium of the Turkic Dialects ( Divânü Lügati\'t-Türk), written during the 11th century by Kaşgarlı Mahmud of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, constitutes an early linguistic treatment of the family. The Compendium is the first comprehensive dictionary of the Turkic languages and also includes the first known map of the Turkic speakers\' geographical distribution. It mainly pertains to the Southwestern branch of the family.Soucek, Svat (March 2000). A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521651691.
The Codex Cumanicus (12th - 13th centuries) concerning the Northwestern branch is another early linguistic manual, between Kipchak language and Latin, used by the Catholic missionaries sent to the Western Cumans inhabiting a region corresponding to present-day Hungary and Romania. The earliest records of the language spoken by Volga Bulgars, the parent to today\'s Chuvash language, are dated to 13th - 14th centuries.
With the Turkic expansion during Early Middle Ages (c. 6th - 11th centuries), Turkic languages, in the course of just a few centuries, spread across Central Asia, stretching from Siberia (the Sakha Republic) to the Mediterranean (Seljuk Turks). Various elements from the Turkic languages have passed into Hungarian, Persian, Urdu, Russian, Chinese and to a lesser extent, Arabic.Findley, Carter V. (October 2004). The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517726-6.
| This short section requires expansion. |
For centuries, the Turkic speaking peoples have migrated extensively and intermingled continuously, and their languages have been influenced mutually and through contact with the surrounding languages, especially the Iranian, Slavic, and Mongolic languages.Johanson, Lars (2001). "Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map" (PDF). Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. Retrieved on 2007-03-18. This has obscured the historical developments within each language and/or language group, and as a result, there exist several systems to classify the Turkic languages. The modern genetic classification schemes for Turkic are still largely indebted to Samoilovich (1922)Classification of Türkic languages and are mainly based on the development of *d. However, there are still many elements of questioning for which ongoing research has not yet found an adequate solution.
The Turkic languages may uncontroversially be divided into six branches (Johanson 1998):Lars Johanson, The History of Turkic. In Lars Johanson & Éva Ágnes Csató (eds), The Turkic Languages, London, New York: Routledge, 81-125, 1998.Classification of Turkic languages
With less certainty, the Southwestern, Northwestern, Southeastern and Oghur groups may further be summarized as West Turkic, the Northeastern, Kyrgyz-Kypchak and Arghu (Khalaj) groups as East Turkic.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees - Turkic (HTML). Retrieved on 2007-03-18. The reliablity of Ethnologue lies mainly in its statistics whereas its framework for the internal classification of Turkic is still based largely on Baskakov (1962) and the collective work in Deny et al. (1959-1964). A more up to date alternative to classifying these languages on internal camparative grounds is to be found in the work of Johanson and his co-workers.
Geographically and linguistically, the languages of Northwestern, and Southeastern subgroup belong to the central Turkic languages, while the Northeastern and Khalaj languages are the so-called peripheral languages.
The following table is based upon the classification scheme presented by Lars Johanson (1998)Lars Johanson (1998) The History of Turkic. In Lars Johanson & Éva Ágnes Csató (eds) The Turkic Languages. London, New York: Routledge, 81-125. [1]
| Proto-Turkic | Southwestern Common Turkic (Oghuz)
|
| ||
| West Oghuz |
| |||
| East Oghuz | ||||
| South Oghuz | ||||
| Northwestern Common Turkic (Kipchak)
|
| |||
| West Kipchak | ||||
| North Kipchak (Volga-Ural) | ||||
| South Kipchak (Aralo-Caspian) | ||||
| Southeastern Common Turkic (Uyghur, Chagatai, Karluk) | West | |||
| East |
| |||
| Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian) | North Siberian | |||
| South Siberian | Sayan Turkic | |||
| Yenisei Turkic |
| |||
| Chulym Turkic |
| |||
| Altai TurkicSome dialects are close to Kirghiz (Johanson 1998) [6] |
| |||
| Oghur |
| |||
| Arghu | ||||
The following is a brief comparison of cognates among the basic vocabulary across the Turkic language family (about 60 words). Note that empty cells do not imply that a particular language is lacking a word to describe the concept, but rather that the word for the concept in that language is formed from another stem and is not a cognate with the other the words in the row. Also, there may be shifts in the meaning from one language to another, and so the "common meaning" given is only approximate. In some cases the form given is found only in some dialects of the language. Forms are given in native Latin orthographies unless otherwise noted.
| common meaning | Old Turkic | Turkish | Azeri | Turkmen | Tatar | Kazakh | Kyrgyz | Uzbek | Uyghur | Sakha/Yakut | Chuvash | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Persons | (Grand)father/Ancestor | Ata | Ata | Ata | Ata | Ata | Ata | Ata | Ota | Ata | Atte | |
| Mother | Ana | Anne, Ana | Ana | Ene | Ana | Ana | Ene | Ona | Ana | Anne | ||
| Son | O\'gul | Oğul | Oğul | Oğul | Ul, uğıl | Ul | Uul | O\'gil | Oghul | Uol | Yvǎl | |
| Man | Er(kek) | Erkek | Kişi | Erkek | İr | Er(kek) | Erkek | Erkak | Er | Er | Ar | |
| Girl | Kyz | Kız | Qız | Gyz | Qız | Qız | Kız | Qiz | Qiz | Ky:s | Khər | |
| Person | Kiši | Kişi | Kişi | Keşe | Kisi | Kishi | Kishi | Kishi | Kihi | |||
| Bride | Kelin | Gelin | Gəlin | Geli:n | Kilen | Kelin | Kelin | Kelin | Kelin | Kylyn | Kin\'əm | |
| Mother-in-law | Kaynana | Qaynana | Gayın ene | Qayın ana | Qayın ene | Kaynene | Qayın ona | Qeyinana | Khun\'ama | |||
| Body parts | Heart | Jürek | Yürek | Ürək | Ýürek | Yöräk | Jürek | Jürök | Yurak | Yürek | Süreq | Jəre |
| Blood | Qan | Kan | Qan | Ga:n | Qan | Qan | Kan | Qon | Qan | Qa:n | Yun | |
| Head | Baš | Baş | Baş | Baş | Baş | Bas | Bash | Bosh | Baş | Bas | Puş | |
| Hair | Qıl | Kıl | Qıl | Qyl | Qıl | Qıl | Kıl | Tuk | Qil | Kıl | ||
| Eye | Köz | Göz | Göz | Göz | Küz | Köz | Köz | Ko\'z | Köz | Kos | Kuş | |
| Eyelash | Kirpik | Kirpik | Kiprik | Kirpik | Kerfek | Kirpik | Kirpik | Kiprik | Kirpik | Kirbi: | Khurbuk | |
| Ear | Qulqaq | Kulak | Qulaq | Gulak | Qolaq | Qulaq | Kulak | Quloq | Qulaq | Gulka:k | Khǎlkha | |
| Nose | Burun | Burun | Burun | Burun | Borın | Murın | Murun | Burun | Burun | Murun | ||
| Arm | Qol | Kol | Qol | Gol | Qul | Qol | Kol | Qo\'l | Qol | Khul | ||
| Hand | El(ig) | El | Əl | El | Alaqan | Alakan | Ili: | Alǎ | ||||
| Finger | Barmak | Parmak | Barmaq | Barmak | Barmaq | Barmaq | Barmak | Barmoq | Barmaq | Pűrne | ||
| Fingernail | Tyrnaq | Tırnak | Dırnaq | Dyrnaq | Tırnaq | Tırnaq | Tırnak | Tirnoq | Tirnaq | Tynyraq | Jərne | |
| Knee | Tiz | Diz | Diz | Dy:z | Tez | Tize | Tize | Tizza | Tiz | Tüsäχ | Jərkuş | |
| Calf | Baltyr | Baldır | Baldır | Baldyr | Baltır | Baldır | Baldır | Boldyr | Baldir | Ballyr | ||
| Foot | Adaq | Ayak | Ayaq | Aýaq | Ayaq | Ayaq | Ayak | Oyoq | Ayaq | Ataq | Ura | |
| Belly | Qaryn | Karın | Qarın | Garyn | Qarın | Qarın | Karın | Qorin | Qerin | Qaryn | Khyrǎm | |
| Animals | Horse | At | At | At | At | At | At | At | Ot | At | At | Ut |
| Cattle | Siyir | Sığır | Sygyr | Sıyır | Sïır | Sıyır | Sigir | Siyir | ||||
| Dog | Yt | İt | İt | It | Et | Ït | It | It | It | Yt | Yyt | |
| Fish | Balyq | Balık | Balıq | Balyk | Balıq | Balıq | Balık | Baliq | Beliq | Balyk | Pulǎ | |
| Louse | Bit | Bit | Bit | Bit | Bet | Bït | Bit | Bit | Pit | Byt | Pyitǎ | |
| Other nouns | House | Ev | Ev | Ev | Öý | Öy | Üy | Üy | Uy | Öy | ||
| Tent | Otag | Otağ | Otaq | Otaw | Otoq | Otaq | Otu: | |||||
| Way | Yol | Yol | Yol | Yo:l | Yul | Jol | Jol | Yo\'l | Yol | Suol | Şul | |
| Bridge | Köprüq | Köprü | Körpü | Köpri | Küper | Köpir | Köpürö | Ko\'prik | Kövrük | Kürpe | Kəper | |
| Arrow | Oq | Ok | Ox | Ok | Uq | Oq | Ok | O\'q | Oq | Oχ | Ukhǎ | |
| Fire | Ot | Od | Od | Ot | Ut | Ot | Ot | O\'t | Ot | Uot | Vut | |
| Ash | Kül | Kül | Kül | Kül | Köl | Kül | Kül | Kul | Kül | Kül | Kəl | |
| Water | Suv | Su | Su | Suw | Su | Sw | Suu | Suv | Su | Ui | Shyv | |
| Ship, boat | Kemi | Gemi | Gəmi | Gämi | Köymä | Keme | Keme | Kema | keme | Kimə | ||
| Lake | Köl | Göl | Göl | Köl | Kül | Köl | Köl | Ko\'l | Köl | Küöl | Kül | |
| Sun/Day | Küneš | Gün(eş) | Gün(əş) | Gün | Kön | Kün | Kün | Kun | Kün | Kün | Kun | |
| Cloud | Bulut | Bulut | Bulud | Bulut | Bolıt | Bult | Bulut | Bulut | Bulut | Bylyt | Pələt | |
| Star | Yulduz | Yıldız | Ulduz | Ýyldyz | Yoldız | Juldız | Jıldız | Yulduz | Yultuz | Sulus | Şoldor | |
| Earth | Topraq | Toprak | Torpaq | Toprak | Tufraq | Topıraq | Topurak | Tuproq | Tupraq | Toburaχ | Topra | |
| Hilltop | Töpü | Tepe | Təpə | Depe | Tübä | Töbe | Töbö | Tepa | Töpe | Töbö | Tübe | |
| Tree | Yağac | Ağaç | Ağac | Agaç | Ağaç | Ağaş | ||||||
| God (Tengri) | Tenri | Tanrı | Tanrı | Taňry | Täñre | Täñiri | Teñir | Tangri | Tengri | Tanara | Turǎ | |
| Sky | Kök | Gök | Göy | Gök | Kük | Kök | Kök | Ko\'k | Kök | Küöq | Kovak | |
| Adjectives | Long | Uzun | Uzun | Uzun | Uzyn | Ozın | Uzın | Uzun | Uzun | Uzun | Uhun | |
| New | Yany | Yeni | Yeni | Yany | Yaña | Jaña | Jañı | Yangi | Yengi | Sana | Şənə | |
| Fat | Semiz | Semiz | Semiz | Simez | Semiz | Semiz | Semiz | Semiz | Emis | Samar | ||
| Full | Tolu | Dolu | Dolu | Do:ly | Tulı | Tolı | Tolo | To\'la | Toluq | Toloru | Tulli | |
| White | Aq | Ak | Ağ | Ak | Aq | Aq | Ak | Oq | Aq | |||
| Black | Qara | Kara | Qara | Gara | Qara | Qara | Kara | Qora | Qara | Xara | Khura | |
| Red | Qyzyl | Kızıl | Qızıl | Gyzyl | Qızıl | Qızıl | Kızıl | Qizil | Qizil | Kyhyl | ||
| Numbers | 1 | Bir | Bir | Bir | Bir | Ber | Bir | Bir | Bir | Bir | Bi:r | Pərre |
| 2 | Eki | İki | İki | Iki | İke | Eki | Eki | Ikki | Ikki | Ikki | Ikkə | |
| 4 | Tört | Dört | Dörd | Dö:rt | Dürt | Tört | Tört | To\'rt | Töt | Tüört | Tuattǎ | |
| 7 | Yeti | Yedi | Yeddi | Yedi | Cide | Jeti | Jeti | Yetti | Yättä | Sette | Şitchə | |
| 10 | On | On | On | O:n | Un | On | On | O\'n | On | Uon | Vunnǎ | |
| 100 | Yüz | Yüz | Yüz | Yü:z | Yöz | Jüz | Jüz | Yuz | Yüz | Sü:s | Şər | |
| Old Turkic | Turkish | Azeri | Turkmen | Tatar | Kazakh | Kyrgyz | Uzbek | Uyghur | Sakha/Yakut | Chuvash |
| Altaic languages |
|---|
| Turkic languages · Mongolic languages · Tungusic languages · Japonic languages* · Korean language* |
| Notes: *Japonic and Korean are not generally recognized as belonging to the Altaic language family. See also Buyeo languages. |
| Turkic languages | |||
| Oghur | Bulgar† | Chuvash | Hunnic† | Khazar† | Turkic Avar† | ||
| Uyghur | Old Turkic† | Aini²| Chagatai† | Ili Turki | Lop | Uyghur | Uzbek | ||
| Kypchak | Altay | Baraba | Bashkir | Crimean Tatar¹ | Cuman† | Karachay-Balkar | Karaim | Karakalpak | Kazakh | Kipchak† | Krymchak | Kumyk | Kyrgyz | Nogai | Old Tatar† | Tatar | Urum¹ | ||
| Oghuz | Afshar | Azerbaijani | Crimean Tatar¹ | Gagauz | Khorasani Turkic | Ottoman Turkish† | Pecheneg† | Qashqai | Salar | Turkish | Turkmen | Urum¹ | ||
| Arghu | Khalaj | ||
| Northeastern | Chulym | Dolgan | Fuyü Gïrgïs | Khakas | Shor | Tofa | Tuvan | Western Yugur | Sakha/Yakut | ||
| Notes: ¹Listed in more than one group, ²Mixed language, ³Disputed, †Extinct | |||
| Turkic-speaking regions | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Federal subjects of Russia shown in italics | |||||
| |||||
| 1 Includes the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. 2 Recognized only by Turkey; see Cyprus dispute. |
